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State of the art mapping exerciseLindegaard Nielsen, Tommy (Frederiksberg, 2012)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Facebook har med sine mange brugere givet virksomheder mulighed for at nå kunder på en ny måde. Denne afhandling vil klarlægge, hvordan udvalgte virksomheder udnytter dette til grøn branding og hvordan man bedst kommunikerer til segmentet, der køber grønne produkter. Jeg har valgt at bruge følgende teorier til min analyse:”Social, Local, Mobile”, ”People, Planet, Profit”, ”Owned, Paid, Earned”, ”kunde segmentering” og ”Key Performance Indicators”. Social, Local, Mobile viser hvordan man sammenkobler Facebook, lokation og mobile enheder, så brugeren hele tiden kan snakke om og med et brand. People, Planet, Profit fortæller hvordan virksomheden håndterer social, miljø og økonomisk ansvarlighed i forhold til deres produktion. . Owned, Paid, Earned handler om hvordan virksomheden håndterer et medie de selv har kontrol over, et de køber sig til og et de skal gøre sig fortjent til, her repræsenterer Facebook det sidste. Kundesegmentering til grønne forbrugere forskriver at virksomheden benytter følelser og fakta for at ramme forskellige forbruger, afhængigt af hvor meget de prioriterer miljøvenlighed i et produkt. Key Performance Indicators er nogle få udvalgte kriterier, der i dette papir vil svare på, hvor god virksomheden er til at engagere sine fans, og hvad fansene synes om indholdet i bestemte kategorier. Disse teorier bliver behandlet via online analyseværktøjer og manuelt indsamlet kvantitativt Facebook data, såsom indlæg, kommentarer, ”synes godt om” og delinger. Afhandlingen konkluderer, at nogle virksomhederne bruger grøn branding meget, andre knap så meget og nogle ikke direkte. Virksomhederne bruger dog Facebook meget ens ved indlæg og ofte med billeder. Emnerne der bliver brugt er dog forskellige. Energiselskaberne skriver om vindmøller og biobrændsel. IT virksomheder fremmer genbrug, og grøn industri skriver sjældent direkte at deres produkter er miljøvenlige. Resultaterne viser at grøn branding ikke skaber positiv omtale. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/3551 Files in this item: 1
tommy_lindegaard_nielsen.pdf (1.696Mb) -
An empirical analysis of Denmark’s country-of-origin image within green building in the United StatesJacobsen, Tanya (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Dette speciale undersøger Danmarks image i USA samt hvilke konsekvenser amerikanernes opfattelse af Danmark har for den danske byggebranches mulighed for at anvende tilknytningen til Danmark som en slags ”endorser brand” på det amerikanske marked for bæredygtigt byggeri. Specialet er teoretisk forankret i teorierne omkring oprindelseslandseffekt og landebranding, der beskæftiger sig med, hvorledes et lands image har betydning for, hvordan landets produkter og services opfattes af potentielle købere på udenlandske markeder. Analysen er inddelt i tre stadier: I det første stadie undersøges den danske byggebranches selvopfattede styrker og svagheder gennem en række kvalitative interviews samt Danmarks officielle landebranding strategi for derved at fastslå det ønskede image. I det andet stadie analyseres det amerikanske byggemarked, hvorunder arkitekter og ingeniører udvælges som den mest relevante målgruppe at undersøge Danmarks image blandt. På baggrund af resultaterne i de første to analyse stadier, analyseres Danmarks image i det tredje og sidste stadie ved hjælp af en spørgeskemaundersøgelse udsendt til en stikprøve af repræsentanter fra målgruppen. Specialet viser, at Danmark generelt set har et positivt image i USA, omend kendskabsgraden til landet og dets specifikke kompetencer er relativt lav. Den amerikanske målgruppe opfatter Danmark som et land, der tager miljø- og energispørgsmål alvorligt, hvilket også afspejles i holdningen til dansk arkitektur og design, som målgruppen opfatter positivt – både æstetisk og funktionsmæssigt – men også i forhold til graden af bæredygtighed og hensyntagen til det omgivende miljø. Det faktiske image blandt målgruppen svarer overordnet set rimelig godt til den danske byggebranches selvopfattelse: Danske produkter anses for at være af høj kvalitet, men også relativt dyre. Danmarks kompetencer inden for byggebranchens selvopfattede styrkeområder vurderes alle til at ligge over USA's på disse områder. Især danske kompetencer inden for sikring af et behageligt indeklima, udnyttelse af naturligt dagslys samt effektiv isolering af bygningens klimaskærm vurderes som værende rigtig gode. Kendskabsgraden til specifikke danske brands eller virksomheder inden for byggeriet er meget lav, mens kendskabet til danske arkitekter er noget højere. Undersøgelsens resultater viser desuden, at målgruppen flere gange har svært ved at adskille Danmark fra andre skandinaviske og europæiske lande, hvilket også understreger det begrænsede kendskab. En eventuel kommende markedsføringsstrategi for dansk byggeri i USA bør således først og fremmest fokusere på at skabe opmærksomhed omkring Danmark og danske kompetencer inden for dette område. På trods af det relativt lave kendskab vurderes det, at danske byggevirksomheder med fordel kan anvende tilknytningen til Danmark som ”endorser brand”, idet målgruppen har mange positive associationer om Danmark og danske kompetencer inden for grønt byggeri – også selv om de udelukkende har et overfladisk kendskab til landet. Det vurderes, at det især vil være mindre virksomheder, der endnu ikke selv har fået etableret sit eget brand på det amerikanske marked, der vil kunne få glæde af at anvende deres danske oprindelse som et parameter i deres markedsføring, mens større og mere etablerede virksomheder formentlig vil være mere tilbageholdende med at lægge sig op ad Danmarks image, idet denne strategi også medfører en række usikkerheder, som ligger uden for de enkelte virksomheders kontrol, men som gennem tilknytningen også kan påvirke deres image. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/1206 Files in this item: 6
Appendix 18 Architects vs Engineers.xls (37.37Kb)(more files) -
A Study of how Traditional Business Models are Transformed into Green Business Models and the Influence of Policy on this ProcessGkasialis, Ioannis (Frederiksberg, 2013)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: In the societal challenges of today concerning resource scarcity and environmental demise, businesses are increasingly found at the centre of debates regarding sustainability. The reason for this is that they are often identified as both the cause of many emerging ecological challenges, as well as the solution to them. Various terms and definitions have been developed over the years in the public and academic discussion about how organizations have begun greening their business processes in order to minimize exposure of future generations to resource insufficiencies and environmental hazards. One of the most recent, and most notable ones, is the concept of Green Business Models. In order to get a more concrete and in-depth understanding of this term, this thesis examines the idea of green oriented business model innovation, by assessing how companies transform their existing Business Models into sustainable Green Business Models. In other words, focus is placed on identifying the factors that lead to the conception of sustainable business models. Furthermore, specific attention is given to role of Policy and Policy Makers with regard to this process. The main contribution of the thesis is the formation of a framework based on the literature review, depicting how traditional business models are transformed into greener ones. Here, Green Innovation is recognized as the central aspect causing a process of Green Business Model Innovation, while Policy and Policy Makers are identified as having an important function in the development of Green Business Models too. These outcomes are then challenged by data collected through interviews with members of two relevant case studies chosen. The result is an analytical discussion determining the developed frameworks’ practical and theoretical implications for business, its limitations, as well as a number of reflective questions and suggestions for further research. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/3781 Files in this item: 1
ioannis_gkasialis.pdf (3.750Mb) -
An investigation whether thoroughly green service providers enhance the value for the customer experienceMerkesdal, Cathrine (Frederiksberg, 2013)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: In an environment that increasingly focuses on the significance of memorable experiences and solutions for more pro-environmental behaviour is needed, it is investigated whether a thoroughly green service experience may have an enhanced value for the consumer. Consumers’ environmental values have been connected with the experience of green service providers (such as a hotel) to see if it offers any added value for the customer. This investigation is also detecting how this can be an attractive outcome for businesses; for them to establish a green experience environment. Previous literature on environmentalism and experience literature have been used as a base for understanding. Three theories are used to recognize why an environmental friendly experience may be important for the customer: 1) The self-determination theory 2) The value- belief- norm theory and 3) The transformational experience, developed into a theory. It all starts off with the values of the (critical) consumers; it must contain of certain beliefs and convictions of what the right thing to do is, when it comes to the environment. Second there is the acknowledgement that the actions that the individual do, will lead somewhere, that it will support the purpose. At this same stage there is also the intrinsic motivation and need for identity in actions. So the experience must be an identification of values as well as a belief that it has a real purpose or meaning to act on it - if this is believed the individual will act. The action will give the individual an experience and if that experience is strong it may change the perspectives and be a transformational experience. In the end if the experience was a good one, it will reinforce the values to the consumers. The consumers are also increasingly after more meaningful experiences, which a green experience may be for the ones that have aligned values and lifestyle. The main findings lean heavily if the internal motivations and moral values are aligned with the pro-environmental experience, the costumer will enjoy the green experience-attributes to a much higher degree than if the values are not aligned. The degree of commitment will increase this feeling of wellness and happiness in the experience. It is also discussed how an experience may give meaning and even change perception, a transformational experience. The experience stimulates the individual in a cognitive, affective, behavioural or sensorial way. A survey was conducted which identified the environmental consumers, or in other words the more critical customers. They are also the target market for Hotel Guldsmeden, which has been used as the main case example. Guldsmeden is thoroughly sustainable hotels which especially cater for consumers appreciating a green experience. Guldsmeden has been found to stimulate their customers in such ways, that it can be backed up by saying that the experience is stronger for the guest because it is green. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/4009 Files in this item: 1
cathrine_merkesdal.pdf (3.123Mb) -
A Legitimate Approch to Clean-tech ExportsUtoft Andersen, Niels (Frederiksberg, 2016)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Dette projekt fokuserer på at oversætte komplekse problemstillinger og abstrakte teoretiske begreber til håndgribelige, strategiske anbefalinger. En virksomheds sociale ansvar og legitimitet er teoretisk set luftige – næsten torturerede – begreber som er svære at arbejde med. Ikke desto mindre argumenterer denne afhandling for at danske virksomheder med fordel kan vinde markedsandele på verdens vækstmarkeder, netop gennem strategisk arbejde med legitimitet. Siden vedtagelsen af klimaaftalen i Paris i efteråret 2015 har grøn vækst fyldt mere på den globale dagsorden end nogensinde før. Danmark, som i år 2050 forventer at køre udelukkende på ren, vedvarende energi, står til at kunne styrke sin anerkendte grønne sektor gennem øget eksport af klimateknologi og knowhow. For andre lande giver udsigten til grøn vækst mindre anledning til jubel. Vækstøkonomier, eller emerging markets, har kæmpet hårdt og længe for de eftertragtede vækstrater der gør dem relevante på den globale scene. B’et i BRIK landende, Brasilien, kunne ifølge Verdensbanken prale af en gennemsnitlig vækst i BNP på 4,5 procent i perioden mellem 2006-2010, hvor også 29 millioner mennesker blev løftet ud af fattigdom og ind i middelklassen. Hvilken rolle spiller grøn vækst da i lande som Brasilien? Skal økonomisk vækst ofres for grøn omstilling, eller findes der et alternativ? Brasilien har længe været en udtalt fortaler for grøn omstilling, hvis energipolitik ligeledes har høstet roser for sin imponerende andel af vedvarende energi. I 2012 fik landet hele 82,5 procent af sin elektricitet fra vandkraft. Hvorvidt man kan tale om grøn vækst er dog i sidste ende et spørgsmål om legitimitet. Siden regeringen annoncerede planer om at udvide kapaciteten for vandkraft gennem opførelsen af enorme dæmninger i Amazonas, er kritikken haglet ned over regeringen og de konsortier af multinationale selskaber der opfører vandkraftværkerne. Dette kontrovers har dannet rammen for en undersøgelse af hvordan legitimitet skabes og fastholdes diskursivt imellem interessenter i den Brasilianske energisektor. Regeringen og andre fortalere for vandkraft har fremhævet behovet for at imødekomme en stigende efterspørgsel på energi, samt hvordan vandkraft er den ’naturlige’ løsning givet landets store floder i Amazonas’ regnskove. Modstandere har påpeget de sociale og miljømæssige omkostninger ved sådanne dæmningsprojekter, som de hævder vil fælde store dele af regnskovene, udlede skadende metangasser og forflytte tusinder af mennesker fra deres oprindelige bopæl. Ydermere argumenteres der for, at klimaforandringer gør vandkraft ineffektivt, da ekstrem tørke underminerer dæmningernes evne til at levere den lovede energi. Undersøgelsen har således påvist en sammenhæng mellem interessenters argumentation og den endelige legitimitet af energipolitikken. Ved konsekvent henvisning til energisikkerhed og den eftertragtede økonomiske vækst lykkedes det længe regeringen og koalitionerne af private og statsejede virksomheder at fastlåse debatten i en enten-eller-diskurs: ville man have vandkraft eller ville man undvære energi? Dette studie har vovet den påstand, at danske cleantech virksomheder med de rette produkter og klimaløsninger kan konstituere en brobyggende diskurs i den fastlåste energidebat i Brasilien og dermed promovere energieffektivitet og grøn vækst som et alternativ til vandkraft. Hertil kræves en strategi for adressering af de forskellige former for legitimitet der skabes og nedbrydes gennem argumentation i debatten. Analysen trækker derfor på førende litteratur på området, som opstiller tre typer retorik – den strategiske, institutionelle og dialogiske retorik, der henholdsvis giver pragmatisk, kognitiv og moralsk legitimitet. Undersøgelsen har diskuteret og påvist nødvendigheden af potentielt at implementere alle tre retoriske strategier på samme tid for dermed at adoptere den såkaldte paradox approach. Kontrasterende krav fra en lang række interessenter byder en virksomhed at bruge flere strategier simultant,selvom disse måtte sende modstridende signaler. Undersøgelsen er resulteret i udarbejdelsen af the Response Strategy Framework, som er en model for ’mapping’ af diskurser og de tilhørende retoriske strategier for legitimitet. Hvorvidt grøn vækst som det kendes i Danmark har en fremtid som et nyt legitimt paradigme for vækst og grøn omstilling i Brasilien kan stadig diskuteres. Til gengæld har den politiske og økonomiske krise anno 2016 åbnet op for alternative diskurser vedrørende energi- og klimaløsninger. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/6088 Files in this item: 1
niels_utoft_andersen.pdf (1.484Mb) -
A legitimate approach to clean-tech exportsUtoft Andersen, Niels (Frederiksberg, 2016)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Dette projekt fokuserer på at oversætte komplekse problemstillinger og abstrakte teoretiske begreber til håndgribelige, strategiske anbefalinger. En virksomheds sociale ansvar og legitimitet er teoretisk set luftige – næsten torturerede – begreber som er svære at arbejde med. Ikke desto mindre argumenterer denne afhandling for at danske virksomheder med fordel kan vinde markedsandele på verdens vækstmarkeder, netop gennem strategisk arbejde med legitimitet. Siden vedtagelsen af klimaaftalen i Paris i efteråret 2015 har grøn vækst fyldt mere på den globale dagsorden end nogensinde før. Danmark, som i år 2050 forventer at køre udelukkende på ren, vedvarende energi, står til at kunne styrke sin anerkendte grønne sektor gennem øget eksport af klimateknologi og knowhow. For andre lande giver udsigten til grøn vækst mindre anledning til jubel. Vækstøkonomier, eller emerging markets, har kæmpet hårdt og længe for de eftertragtede vækstrater der gør dem relevante på den globale scene. B’et i BRIK landende, Brasilien, kunne ifølge Verdensbanken prale af en gennemsnitlig vækst i BNP på 4,5 procent i perioden mellem 2006-2010, hvor også 29 millioner mennesker blev løftet ud af fattigdom og ind i middelklassen. Hvilken rolle spiller grøn vækst da i lande som Brasilien? Skal økonomisk vækst ofres for grøn omstilling, eller findes der et alternativ? Brasilien har længe været en udtalt fortaler for grøn omstilling, hvis energipolitik ligeledes har høstet roser for sin imponerende andel af vedvarende energi. I 2012 fik landet hele 82,5 procent af sin elektricitet fra vandkraft. Hvorvidt man kan tale om grøn vækst er dog i sidste ende et spørgsmål om legitimitet. Siden regeringen annoncerede planer om at udvide kapaciteten for vandkraft gennem opførelsen af enorme dæmninger i Amazonas, er kritikken haglet ned over regeringen og de konsortier af multinationale selskaber der opfører vandkraftværkerne. Dette kontrovers har dannet rammen for en undersøgelse af hvordan legitimitet skabes og fastholdes diskursivt imellem interessenter i den Brasilianske energisektor. Regeringen og andre fortalere for vandkraft har fremhævet behovet for at imødekomme en stigende efterspørgsel på energi, samt hvordan vandkraft er den ’naturlige’ løsning givet landets store floder i Amazonas’ regnskove. Modstandere har påpeget de sociale og miljømæssige omkostninger ved sådanne dæmningsprojekter, som de hævder vil fælde store dele af regnskovene, udlede skadende metangasser og forflytte tusinder af mennesker fra deres oprindelige bopæl. Ydermere argumenteres der for, at klimaforandringer gør vandkraft ineffektivt, da ekstrem tørke underminerer dæmningernes evne til at levere den lovede energi. Undersøgelsen har således påvist en sammenhæng mellem interessenters argumentation og den endelige legitimitet af energipolitikken. Ved konsekvent henvisning til energisikkerhed og den eftertragtede økonomiske vækst lykkedes det længe regeringen og koalitionerne af private og statsejede virksomheder at fastlåse debatten i en enten-eller-diskurs: ville man have vandkraft eller ville man undvære energi? Dette studie har vovet den påstand, at danske cleantech virksomheder med de rette produkter og klimaløsninger kan konstituere en brobyggende diskurs i den fastlåste energidebat i Brasilien og dermed promovere energieffektivitet og grøn vækst som et alternativ til vandkraft. Hertil kræves en strategi for adressering af de forskellige former for legitimitet der skabes og nedbrydes gennem argumentation i debatten. Analysen trækker derfor på førende litteratur på området, som opstiller tre typer retorik – den strategiske, institutionelle og dialogiske retorik, der henholdsvis giver pragmatisk, kognitiv og moralsk legitimitet. Undersøgelsen har diskuteret og påvist nødvendigheden af potentielt at implementere alle tre retoriske strategier på samme tid for dermed at adoptere den såkaldte paradox approach. Kontrasterende krav fra en lang række interessenter byder en virksomhed at bruge flere strategier simultant, selvom disse måtte sende modstridende signaler. Undersøgelsen er resulteret i udarbejdelsen af the Response Strategy Framework, som er en model for ’mapping’ af diskurser og de tilhørende retoriske strategier for legitimitet. Hvorvidt grøn vækst som det kendes i Danmark har en fremtid som et nyt legitimt paradigme for vækst og grøn omstilling i Brasilien kan stadig diskuteres. Til gengæld har den politiske og økonomiske krise anno 2016 åbnet op for alternative diskurser vedrørende energi- og klimaløsninger. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/6004 Files in this item: 1
niels_utoft_andersen.pdf (1.485Mb) -
The Role of Frequent Purchase and Cognitive Influencing FactorsToustrup, Julie Strøm (Frederiksberg, 2013)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: To investigate the possibility of changing a consumer habit from purchasing conventional milk to purchasing ecological milk, 15 volunteer consumers from Rema 1000 Ølstykke, Denmark, purchased EM through a period of 8 weeks. The participants filled out questionnaires and were interviewed 3 times during the program. The participants’ behaviors were analyzed in relation to their concern for animal welfare, personal health and the environment as well as their ‘concern score’ based on environmental and health related behavior. These were fitted into an analytical framework created on the basis of Bañeguil’s and Chamorro’s ‘ecological consumer purchasing model’ (2002) combined with Duhigg’s ‘habit loop’ (2012). The participants were analyzed according to their ability to move from one level of the model to the next, based on attitude and behavior as well as an identification tool for the negative CIFs (Cognitive Influencing Factors) that prevented the participants from continuing the ecological behavior. The exploration revealed changes in purchasing behaviors as well as CIFs preventing moves between the steps of the framework. The findings of this paper are in congruence with previous conducted research revolving around ecological food purchases. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/3930 Files in this item: 1
julie_stroem_toustrup.pdf (2.879Mb) -
Berntsen, Synnøve; Manner, Jeffrey (Frederiksberg, 2013)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This thesis conducts an in-depth investigation into the implementation of Green Public Procurement (GPP) within the construction sector of Københavns Kommune (KK). We take on Grounded Theory as our research strategy, with the aim of developing a model suited for the specific empirical case of GPP in KK’s construction sector. The combination of GPP as a tool for achieving sustainable development, the magnitude of Danish public procurement and KK’s ambitious climate targets, immediately captured our attention. However, it was the surprising results of a major GPP study from 2009 that solidified our further investigation and eventually this thesis. The study, Collection of statistical information on Green Public Procurement in the EU, by PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC et al., 2009), revealed that Denmark is lagging considerably behind the other Green-7 nations (Austria, Finland, Germany, The Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom) on GPP progress in the construction sector. The consequences of Denmark’s lack of GPP progress within the construction sector are magnified by the sector’s unique financial and environmental GPP potential. With these realizations in mind, we set out on a research journey with the purpose of explaining the discrepancy between GPP’s progress and potential within the construction sector of KK. Through analysis of the European Union’s tender database and a series of semi-structured interviews with stakeholders, we gain significant insights into the current progress and practices of GPP in KK’s construction sector. Our findings support those of PWC et al. (2009) and we determine that a GPP discrepancy is still present in KK. Furthermore, these insights allow us to identify barriers that can explain this discrepancy. Through our analysis, barriers to GPP progress are observed on three distinct levels: political, organizational and practical. Additionally, we identify external influences that have indirect negative impacts on GPP’s progress in KK. These realizations led to our development of the Berntsen-Manner Model, which addresses barriers at the different levels, as well as external influences. To further strengthen our analysis, we apply Hydén’s Norm- Model as a complementary analytical tool to highlight the importance of values and motivation to GPP’s progress. Following these findings, we outline some recommendations meant for KK’s public procurement authorities. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/4045 Files in this item: 1
Synnoeve_berntsen_og_jeffrey_manner.pdf (3.313Mb) -
[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The purpose of this thesis was first of all, to identify which barriers and dilemmas, the concept of Green Sourcing is facing according to the literature. After that, I tested to see if the identified barriers and dilemmas are consistent with the real world, by interviewing people from the corporate sector in Denmark. The goal was partly to see if they directly disagreed with the identified things, and also to see if they were able to help me identify new barriers and dilemmas, which have not yet been described in the literature. The goal was not to dismiss or recognize the barriers and dilemmas as facts, but more to try and understand them. During the literature-review, I have found 7 different kinds of both internal and external barriers towards the implementation of Green Sourcing in corporate businesses. Internal barriers are 1.Economic Resources, 2.Organizational Barriers and 3.Practical Barriers. The External Barriers were identified as 4.Suppliers, 5.Legislation, 6.Industry-specific barriers and 7.Educational Barriers. Six kinds of dilemmas were also identified during the literature-review; 1.Ideological/Strategic/theoretical dilemmas, 2.Materials, 3.Communication dilemmas, 4.General SCM-dilemmas, 5.What makes Green Sourcing, “Green”?, and 6.Economic Conditions. The Interviews basically confirmed the internal barriers, while there were a bit more disagreement towards the external. The economical and practical barriers are still seen as the most important. The dilemmas ended up being more of a discussion-starter, than really confirmable yes/no-anwers, mostly because there was a lot of similarity with the actual barriers. I also succeeded in identifying new barriers and dilemmas, during the interviews. The new barriers were: 1.Reluctance to benchmark prices with other purchasers, 2.The idea that green products are more expensive, origins from purchasers private consumption, 3.Purchasers invents their own environmental demands, 4.Green means to little in evaluation of tender offers, 5.Environmental labels are expensive and 6.Conflicting safety demands. The new dilemmas identified were: 1.Climate labels vs. environmental labels and 2.Rotation within areas of responsibility: Risk of supplier-friendship vs. specialized knowledge. These new barriers and dilemmas are off course all possible subjects to further research in the future. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/1756 Files in this item: 1
anders_langholm_jensen.pdf (1.086Mb) -
Bekostning, brand eller bundlinje?Middelboe, Sian (Frederiksberg, 2009)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Limiting environmental footprint is a major challenge the global market place faces over the coming years and companies are stepping up their environmental programs. Worldwide, organisations are increasingly adopting the concept of GrSCM, leading to ways of incorporating green policies throughout the various stages of the Supply Chain. Indeed, several firms in mature industries have based large parts of their strategies on green initiatives. The assumption made by companies, who employ GrSCM is that it can create value and enable differentiation from competitors, which may allow for the creation of competitive advantage. This study was undertaken with the aim of providing a deeper insight and extending the existing knowledge regarding GrSCM in the Danish transportation and logistics industry. In order to achieve the research aim, a qualitative multiple case study approach was undertaken in attempt to analyse the views and perceptions within the industry. Primary research was conducted through semi‐structured interviews from a selection of 11 companies. The existing literature was examined to give context to the work. The literature and the interviews suggested that the lack of knowledge force large challenges upon the companies in the process of implementing the concept. The empirical analysis identified substantial differences in how GrSCM is prioritized among companies in transport and logistics industry, but generally the concept is not a big concern. The empirical study suggests that the concept is not perceived as a competition parameter by a large part of the respondents. Certainly this was a topic of debate in the literature representing two schools of thought discussing the relation and compatibleness between economic development of a firm and green initiatives. The two schools of thought were both evident in the empirical analysis. Particularly evident incoherence between the levels perceived by companies and the levels actually obtained. A large part of the companies believed that they had both a green strategy and a green concept. For several, the analysis however, proved otherwise. The opportunities of employing GrSCM were apparent in the findings. Indeed, the empirical research findings confirmed that it can be advantageous to do so. The values of the concept proved necessary, but not always sufficient when seeking differentiation and cost advantages. Through RBV and the Positioning School, the analysis showed that the concept specific competences and knowledge that cannot easily be replicated is created in the links between the operators in the given supply chain. In order to achieve economic rents over average over time and obtain sustainable competitive advantage, these relations have to be long term in scope. This may prove difficult for those operators working arm’s length contracts. However, if achieved, the study confirms that the concept can permit sustainable competitive advantage by enabling reductions of waste, emissions and consumption that can allow for cost advantages over competitors over time. Also, the study concludes that the concept can enable differentiation from competitors, where transportation buyers are willing to pay a premium for the greener solution. Indeed, the study identifies lucrative opportunities connected to the concept in the industry. The explorative study also highlights additional complexities of GrSCM in the Danish transportation and logistics industry that warrant further examination. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/514 Files in this item: 1
siam_middelboe.pdf (566.1Kb) -
Løsning gennem kommunikation, konflikthåndtering og alternative aftaleformerOlsson, Erik Ryding (Frederiksberg, 2014)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The subject of the thesis is the interface coordination issues in the Danish construction industry. The interfaces that undergo analysis is particularly the interface between the builder and the turnkey contractor, and the interface between the turnkey contractor and the subcontractor. The thesis' focus is on turnkey contracts. One of the major industry issues, is the low liquidity of the turnkey- and subcontractors, Since this leads to a more than normal cost awareness of the constructors, it is important to find ways of minimizing costs, and at the same time improve cooperation. The first section focuses on the interface between the turnkey contractor and the subcontractor. In this section a case study is done of a turnkey project, where the turnkey contractor tries to implement the theories of lean construction into the construction process. In the case study, all contractors experience an increased efficiency from a weekly meeting between one representative from each subcontractor, and a representative from the turnkey contractor, who were specialized in construction processes. This increased efficiency had an positive effect on the contractors profits. Subsequently in the section, the positive effects of the coordination meeting were subjected to further analysis. A model was constructed, to try and see if the same effects could be explained by organizational economics. The base of the model are Patrick Bolton and Mathias Dewatripont's article from 1998 "The Firm as a Communication Network". The model is , however, adapted to support the meeting as a form of communication, which differs from the article. The conclusions of the model is that there are some indications of decreased costs of communication, but that the effects of "wasted time" counteracts this decrease. The efficiency of the meeting depends on the "wasted time". But if the meeting is divided into two meetings (to neutralize "wasted time") the costs of communications decrease compared to a traditional pyramid form of communications. The second section of the thesis focuses on the interface of the builder and the turnkey contractor. After the prior sections conclusions, the question is how the builder can try an affect the choice of the form of communication between the turnkey contractor and the subcontractors. Therefore focus is turned to the industry's agreed documents, which, however, are deemed unfit for the present forms of cooperation. Alternatives to the agreed documents (or parts of these) are then studied, especially partnerships as a agreement form. Furthermore alternative conflict resolution methods are studied, since the Danish arbitration system supports the fundamental principles of the agreed documents, even when these are not the support of the agreement. To incorporate these alternatives efficiently in the construction contracts, an proactive approach to contract management is studied. In the last section of the thesis, the findings of the thesis are put into perspective to the industry's needs in the future. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/4467 Files in this item: 1
erik_ryding_olsson.pdf (1.565Mb) -
En analyse af dansk praksis på området for grænsehandelskoncepter i forhold til EUSchnell, Michelle Maria (Frederiksberg, 2012)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Within the European Union largely similar rules apply regarding VAT. These rules are based on the Council Directive 2006/112/EC of 28 November 2006 on the common system of value added tax, thereby creating a common system of VAT. However an area not yet fully hamonized is the VAT rates of the Member States, which are still differentiated. This gives way for utilization by companies establishing an arrangement of cross border trade by relocating the place of supply to a Member State with a lower VAT rate and thereby attaining a competitive advantage. The Danish tax authorities have become aware of this problem and will not recognize these arrangements. Recently, the Danish tax authorities initiate upheld in the Supreme Court of Denmark, which led to the reclassification of such an arrangement, on the grounds of non consistency between the formal designation of the transactions and the objective circumstances. Since then the Danish tax authorities have ruled in accordance with this criteria and the recent case-law bears witness to an increasingly stringent assessment of these cross border arrangements. Furthermore the Danish tax authorities has stated, that such arrangements can be redefined based on another criteria being that of abuse practice. However, in order for Danish case-law to be legitimate it must be in compliance with EU-law. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has made several judgements of preliminary ruling regarding these criteria in relation to VAT. A review of ECJ case-law thus illustrates the legitimacy of these criteria in relation to VAT. A more detailed analysis of the conditions under which the first criteria is applied by the ECJ in case C-185/01 Auto Lease however shows, that this criteria cannot necessarily be applied on cross border arrangements as is the case in Denmark. With regard to abuse the EJC states in Case 255/02 Halifax, that in the sphere of VAT an abusive practice can be found to exist only if two conditions are met, one of which being that the transactions concerned result in the attainment of a tax advantage, the grant of which would be contrary to the purpose of the relevant provisions.1 This condition will not be met by companies engaging in place of supply planning, as these provisions have the sole purpose of determining the place of supply unambiguously. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/3224 Files in this item: 1
michelle_maria_schnell.pdf (554.8Kb) -
En komparativ analyse af karriere og fastholdelseLindgaard, Sara; Nortoft, Sandra (Frederiksberg, 2012)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This master thesis focuses on career and retention in Thermo Fisher Scientific (TFS). The aim of this thesis is to get an understanding of what career is and what career does in TFS. To get an adequate understanding this thesis is made as a comparative analysis; which means that the thesis includes two separate analyzes of career – a discourse analysis and a retention analysis. The thesis is made as a single case-study. This means that the purpose of this thesis is to get an understanding of career in TFS only and not a general understanding of career. We have chosen that the scientific perspective of this thesis is social constructivism. This choice has influence on all the selections we have made regarding methods, theory and so on. The focus in this thesis is relevant because the understanding of what career is has changed a lot over the past years. This means that there can be a great difference between the understandings of what careers is. That the same word – career, may therefore mean different things to different people. This may have consequences for the organization, especially if the organization wants to retain their employee. In the theoretical field there is also a big difference in the definition of what career is. Therefore it relevant to point out that this thesis understands career as Arthur and Rousseau and their Boundaryless Career. In Boundaryless Career the definition of career is more complex and subjective than in the traditional understanding of what career is. This, and the fact that career is unconstrained by the organizational boundaries, makes retention of employees a matter of the expectations and understandings of career. When career is subjective retention must be the same. The purpose of career is not the same for the organization and for the employee. The employee can want a career for several reasons, while the organization uses career as a way to maintain the employee. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/3669 Files in this item: 1
sara_lindgaard_og_sandra_nortoft.pdf (1.627Mb) -
How can a given International Art Management institution maintain let alone grow market position with respect to Cross-Border Rivalries?Teodori, Matteo (Frederiksberg, 2015)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper displays the first attempt in the application of a new theory termed Cross Border Rivalry, which is derived from literature form the business of sports, international business competition and a review of the poor scholarship in the subjectmatter: the competitiveness of International Art Management (IAM) institutions. As the subject of research, a large player, the Guggenheim Foundation, is tanke. CBR represents both a strategy and an analytical framework, inspired by the philosophy of rivalry as mimicked from sports: it could be defined as the healthy and benevolent struggle between two or more competitors that are mutually motivated by confronting each other’s achievements and do better “than the other.” While rivalry is well known to sports fans and a few other industries (e.g. tourism, where it somehow originated), it has to date never been applied to culture institutions. This research carefully develops this novel CBR framework based on previous research and cross-disciplinary fields, and it validates and improves its design on the example of the Guggenheim Foundation. Three methods are used: 1) a web-based collection and analysis of web-based data (which also serves as the novel market research methodology that CBR-adhering organizations are supposed to apply); 2) an online survey (N=91) studying mostly consumers’ attitudes towards the museum “product” 3) in-depth, semi-structured interviews with two (anonymous) Guggenheim executives and one art management university professor. The research finds that CBR is a worthy framework deserving further research, although it is limited by its novelty and, as such, only partial validation despite the case study and empirical research. This paper advances scholarship in the now in transition field of cultural institutions, and provides a new perspective on international (cross-border) competition literature. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/5568 Files in this item: 1
matteo_teodori.pdf (855.0Kb) -
[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The use of nutrition labels are harmonized throughout the European Union and compulsory if a nutrition claim appears on the package. The Unfair Commercial Practices Directive gives a uniform view of unfair commercial practice, by replacing member states’ existing general clauses in the area, thus providing a single European reference point to witch commercial practices are allowed and which are not. The practice is considered misleading if it contains false information, is likely to deceive the average consumer or is likely to cause the average consumer to take a transactional decision that he would otherwise not have taken. Today the front-of-pack GDA scheme includes; energy, total fat, saturated fat, carbohydrates, sugars and salt. The GDA label refers to the optimal intake of a moderately active woman of forty, though not uniformly. The GDA label belongs to the category of descriptive labels. It takes on average 10 seconds longer to decipher the GDA label than the simpler normative labels. Most criticism of the GDA label revolves around the lack of minimum, average and maximum values, the one adult figure and the changing or unrealistic portion sizes. All these points of criticism were supported by the focus group interview. I have deemed these three properties of the GDA label likely to deceive the average consumer. The focus group interview yielded interesting insight into the difficulty of decoding the GDA label. By making a comparative analysis of the GDA label and the hybrid traffic light label, I assessed positive and negative properties of the two labels. The positive and negative properties of the two labels formed the basis for my later recommendations for changes to the GDA label. The GDA label as we know it today carries the potential to mislead the average consumer. Changing portion sizes and the reference person are at the core of the GDA label’s design and at the same time the main source of deception. My advice is to retire the portion size and instead use a calculation based on per-100g servings. It is also my advice to retire the moderately active adult woman from the label, since her presence lowers the usefulness of the label and adds to the complexity. Lastly I recommend that colors accompanied by the words low, medium and high are added to the label. This will in turn make the label easier to decode at a glance. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/3898 Files in this item: 1
jakob_johnsen.pdf (3.396Mb) -
Sørensen, Janne T.; Elm, Katja (Frederiksberg, 2014)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/4661 Files in this item: 1
janne_t_soerensen_og_katja_elm.pdf (3.635Mb) -
En analyse af Moderne Porteføljeteoris anvendelighed på fragtmarkederneFagt, Mikkel Bondo (Frederiksberg, 2014)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Indledning: Shippingselskaber har altid stået over for anseelige udfordringer i forhold til at budgettere deres fremtidige indtjening, omkostninger og kontrollere eksponering. Det globale fragtmarked er kendt for hurtigt skiftende markedsvilkår og hård konkurrence, samt både cykliske og sæsonbetonede mønstre. Konkurser grundet dårlig risikostyring eller manglende ekspertise er derfor ikke et særsyn for branchen, hvis et selskab timer markedet forkert. Problemstillingen er velkendt i industrien, og mange shippingselskaber diversificerer sig derfor og spreder sine investeringer over flere skibstyper, for at undgå at have samtlige investeringer bundet op i et enkelt marked, hvis dette skulle ramme bunden. En typisk diversifikation for danske rederier1, er at være aktiv i Tørlast- og Tanksegmenterne, for på den måde at ”vinde på gyngerne, hvad der tabes på karrusellerne”. Moderne Portefølje teori med afsæt i paradigmet fra Markowitz (1952) er hyppigt anvendt til sammensætning af værdipapirsporteføljer for at fastlægge, hvilke aktiver der i en optimal sammensætning giver investor det bedste risikojusterede afkast. Dette paradigme for portefølje-optimering er klassisk for finansiel teori, og er videreudviklet i mange omgange. Fra introduktionen af CAPM ved Tobin (1958), Sharpe (1964), Litner (1965) og Mossin (1966) og frem til nyere modeller såsom Black & Litterman (1991 og 1992). Teorien og dets modeller er således velkendte på de finansielle markeder, og der findes et ekstensivt katalog af empiriske studier der efterprøver teorien. Der er således udviklet adskillige strategier, såvel som nye modeller til at slå forskellige markeder – med svingende resultater. Inden for fragtmarkederne har studier primært haft fokus på selve investeringen i skibe, fremfor porteføljesammensætningen. Der findes altså ikke direkte studier, der har søgt at optimere porteføljesammensætningen baseret på teorien fra Moderne Porteføljeteori. Hvor fragtmarkedet essentielt er forskelligt fra aktiemarkederne, synes det alligevel oplagt at undersøge, hvorvidt teorien kan anvendes på fragtmarkederne når man ser nærmere på markedets karakteristika og dynamik. Det synes derfor også nærliggende at undersøge, i hvor høj grad ræsonnementet om gyngerne og karrusellerne i samspil med teorien fra moderne porteføljeteori, kan efterprøves og udnyttes indenfor fragtmarkederne. Dette vil være udgangspunktet for denne opgave. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/5222 Files in this item: 2
Gynger og karusseller.xlsx (987.9Kb)mikkel_bondo_fagt.pdf (7.062Mb) -
Nilsson, Vicki (Frederiksberg, 2012)[More information][Less information]
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Om spændet mellem kontrol og selvledelseAndersen, Jonas (Frederiksberg, 2013)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This thesis sets out to examine which communication methods a mid-level manager can use in order to optimise the terms for employees’ self-management in an office within the Danish Ministry of Finance. The thesis uses an office in the Center for Digitisation (CDI) under the Danish Ministry of Finance as case. In CDI there is tension between wanting self-managing employees and having an organisational culture of control and evaluation. This tension consists of two seemingly conflicting organisational principles, namely those of network and hierarchy. The mid-level manager plays an important part in balancing the two principles because he or she represents the organisation’s objectives to the employees and simultaneously has to make sure that the objectives are realised. Therefore, the relation between mid-level manager and employees is the focus of this thesis. Through power theory by Michel Foucault complemented by systems theory by Niklas Luhmann, two central publications by the Danish Ministry of Finance regarding the organisation’s view on relations between it and its employees are examined. The examination provides three themes: 1. Employees are expected to manage themselves in accordance with frames and objectives 2. Through constant feedback and control the organisation’s management sustains employees in developing knowledge about relations between them and the organisation 3. The organisation seeks to create a relation between it and its employees by caring about the balance between work life and private life These three themes form the basis for qualitative interviews with a mid-level manager and four employees in CDI. The aim of the interviews is to examine how the relations described by the Ministry of Finance are observed and verbalised in the organisation. The interviews provide three thematic disparities between the organisations descriptions and the perceptions of those interviewed. 1. The frames and objectives, in accordance with which the employees are expected to manage themselves, are unclear 2. The feedback and control executed by the organisation’s management does not encourage self-management 3. The intimate relation the organisation seeks to create is not perceived by the employees By virtue of W. Barnett Pearce’s CMM-theory the thesis concludes by providing recommendations for how the mid-level manager can address the three thematic disparities by contributing to new forms of communication. The final argument of the thesis is that the mid-level manager can optimise the terms for the employees’ self-management by facilitating dialogue and forming relations in which the participants remain in a tension field between their own standpoint and a fundamental openness to others. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/3672 Files in this item: 1
jonas_andersen.pdf (11.07Mb) -
Arla in the Cartoon Controversy - What kind of cultural barriers did Arla face when handling the crisis in the Middle East?Sadi, Nawal (Frederiksberg, 2009)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Denne afhandling fokuserer på hvordan Arla håndterede Muhammed-krisen i Mellemøsten, set ud fra en interkulturel kontekst, og har til hensigt at bygge bro mellem de involverede kulturer. Der er således fokuseret på perioden januar 2006 hvor Arla mærker de første tegn på boykotten, til april 2006, hvor Arla meddeler, at deres varer atter er kommet tilbage på hylderne i de arabiske supermarkeder. Der er dog inkluderet hændelser, udtalelser, episoder mv. inden ovennævnte periode, for at skabe en kohærens, og ligeledes en forståelse af hvorfor krisen udvikler sig på sådan en måde i Mellemøsten. Afhandlingens har sit udspring i den amerikanske PR-forsker Timothy Coombs, tre-trins model, som sigter mod, at give en virksomhed et bedre overblik over diverse hændelser før, under, og efter en krise, samt eventuelle løsningsforslag. Ifølge dette perspektiv udgør relationen mellem en organisation og dens stakeholderere selve kernen i både det strategiske og det praktiske PR-arbejde. Ligesom vi skal se med Arla og dennes relation til forbrugerne i Mellemøsten. Dog var Arla klemt som en lus mellem to negle, da boykotten brød ud, idet de arabiske forbrugers vrede ikke var rettet mod virksomheden som sådan, men mod Jyllands-Posten og den danske regering. Da Coombs model ikke understøtter det interkulturelle kontekst af krisen, har jeg inkluderet Simon Ulrik Kraghs afkodningsmodel som sigter mod at afkode og indkode intenderede såvel som ikke-intenderede, og verbale som nonverbale budskaber i bestemte kontekster. Sidstnævnte vil give en dybere forståelse af de forskellige hændelser både i Danmark såvel som i Mellemøsten. Endvidere er det værd at holde de to verdenssyn, eller civilisationer om man vil, op mod hinanden, for henholdsvis at forstå danskernes liberale syn på tegningerne vs. den muslimske/arabiske vrede, og krænkede følelser der gjorde sig gældende i den arabiske verden. Intentionen med ovennævnte er ikke blot for at skabe forståelse inden for de rammer der gør sig gældende. Men det er også intentionen at nå frem til den interkulturelle forklaring, som fik Arla til at udgive en annonce i de 25 mellemøstlige aviser, hvor de tog kraftig afstand fra både tegningerne, og Jyllands-Postens grundlag for at udgive tegningerne. Annoncen blev mødt med kraftig modstand fra det danske bagland, idet virksomheden blev beskyldt for henholdsvis at tale med to tunger, og give afkald på de danske frihedsrettigheder, for i stedet at bukke under for totalitære regimer. Mens Arla’ forretning så småt var ved at vende tilbage i Mellemøsten, befandt virksomheden sig pludselig i en ny krise i Danmark pga. annoncen. Men Arla gjorde alt forklare de danske forbrugere at virksomheden var et offer i denne sammenhæng, og at de ikke bukkede under for nogen. Som vi skal se med Arla, stiller det globale og kulturelle sammenspil nye krav til virksomheden, der nu i videre udstrækning end tidligere skal kommunikere og skabe sit eget ståsted, som kan udfordres af medarbejdere, kunder, medier og offentlighed. Endvidere må den globale orienterede organisation til stadighed være opmærksom på sine interne samt eksterne relationer, idet, der samtidig er behov for at forbinde værdier og kulturer. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10417/838 Files in this item: 1
nawal_sadi.pdf (899.7Kb)